作者开篇并不直抒胸臆地告诉读者马拉喀什人的生活状况,而是选取人的一生中生命完结时最重要的事―葬礼,“As the corpse went past the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back a few minutes later.”(一具尸体抬过,成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上嗡嗡而起追逐过去,但几分钟后又飞了回来),寥寥数句对当地人就餐环境的描写,并未出现“肮脏”一词,仅仅“corpse, flies, restaurant”就已经让读者感觉到了当地人生活的落后和脏乱不堪的卫生状况。继而作者描写葬礼时用词更加精致、形象、生动、准确:“when the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick”(朋友们到了安葬场之后,便在地上挖出一个一二英尺深的长方形坑,将尸首往坑里一倒,再扔一些像碎砖头一样的干土块),作者选词精准,用“hack”替代“dig”, 用 “dump”替代“put”, 用 “fling”替代“throw”,看似漫不经心,却掷地有声地表现了生者对待逝者的漠然和葬礼的潦草。“No gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of any kind”(没有墓碑,没有姓名,没有任何识别标志),语言简明,却娓娓道出当地人的一无所有和他们生命的廉价,令读者印象深刻。诸如此类的例子不胜枚举,可信手拈来。当作者在叙述他在公园喂面包给瞪羚吃的时候,一个政府雇工惊异于动物竟然有如此之佳的待遇,于是很羞怯地想要乞讨一块面包:“He sidled slowly towards us…looked from the gazelle to the bread and from the bread to the gazelle….Finally he said shyly in French:’ I could eat some of that bread’..I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags.”(他羞怯地侧着身子朝我们慢慢走来,他把目光从瞪羚身上移向面包,又从面包转回到瞪羚身上,终于,他怯生生地用法语说道:“那面包让我吃一点吧。” 我撕下一块面包,他感激地把面包放进破衣裳贴身的地方。)作者此处的选词也是极妙的,仅用sidle、stow就已经表现出阿拉伯小工乞讨时矛盾且羞愧的心情,在卑微与尊严之间的挣扎。在整篇文章中,作者巧妙的措辞客观形象、生动准确地描绘出当地人生命的廉价、劳动力的廉价,每个场景的描写均呼应了作者开篇所发出的反问“Are they really the same flesh as yourself?”(他们真的和你一样是有血有肉的人吗?),发人深省,掷地有声,令读者不禁潸然泪下。 为了表达更精准、语言更生动,奥威尔借助了诸多贴切的修辞,精彩生动,行文流畅,给读者以美的享受。例如作者采用提喻(synecdoche)的修辞,以部分指代整体:“a white skin is always fairly conspicuous”, 以”white skin”来指代整个白色人种,暗指殖民主义者。与此同时,当作者写到犹太作坊时,”a carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightening speed”,其中”prehistoric“和“lightening speed”,作者将犹太人的车床比作史前古迹,并用“光速”来解释犹太人转动车窗椅子腿的速度,夸张诙谐,则是采用了夸张 (hyperbole)的修辞手法。
除此之外,幽默也是《马拉喀什见闻》的一大语言特色。当奥威尔写到自己喂瞪羚的场景时,让读者忍俊不禁。“Probably its idea was that if it could drive me away the bread would somehow remain hanging in mid-air”(它大概以为把我赶开后,那块面包仍会悬在空中),轻松俏皮的语言写出了瞪羚的可爱,让读者沉闷、压抑的心情得到些许放松。又如当他写到一队矮小的老妇人每天下午背着柴火走过他的住所时,他拦住一位老妇人并送给她五索钱,那位老妇人的反应是:“ partly gratitude but mainly surprise”(含有感激的成分,但主要还是出于惊讶),于是作者认为”from her point of view, by taking any notice of her, I seemed almost to be violating a law of nature”(大概在她看来,我居然会注意到她,似乎是违反了自然规律),写出了女性卑微的社会地位似乎已经成为自然法则,表达了奥威尔对女性的同情,风趣的语言,让读者笑中带泪。
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