卡图卢斯
Catullus
卡图卢斯(公元前约87—约54),古罗马诗人。出生于意大利北部的维罗那,青年时期赴罗马,殷实的家境使他在首都过着闲适的生活,并很快的诗才出了名。他传下一百一十六首诗,包括神话诗、爱情诗、时评短诗和各种幽默小诗。这些诗歌当中的许多关注诗人对于一个被诗人称作“lesbia”的女子的炙热的爱情 (她的本名,根据Apuleius所说,是Clodia )。Catullus之所以选择的名字“lesbia”,因为他的钦佩萨福,莱斯沃斯岛的希腊抒情诗人,他还模仿其诗歌风格。真正使诗人在罗马享有盛誉并留名后世的,是他的爱情诗。诗人在罗马生活期间,对一位年岁比他稍长的风流、美丽的罗马贵妇着了迷,他从迷恋中享受过欢乐,也品尝过不少痛苦,诗人把他的由热恋到分离的炽热、复杂、矛盾的爱情感受全部融汇在诗里,词句朴实,感情真挚。卡图卢斯的抒情诗不仅影响到其后的罗马抒情诗的发展,而且对后代欧洲抒情诗的发展也曾产生过相当大的影响。他影响了奥维德(43 b.c.e. - 17 C.E.),写出了著名的Metamorphoses,还写下“爱的艺术”和其他爱情诗。也对后世意大利诗人彼得拉克(公元1304至1374年),以及欧洲传统的诗人们,其中包括威廉莎士比亚(公元1564至1616年)产生过相当大的影响。
“他幸福如神明……”
他幸福如神明,不,但愿这话
不渎神,他比神明更有福分,
他坐在你对面凝神睇视,
倾听你笑语绵绵。
你那甜蜜的笑容,勒斯比亚,
会使我顿时失去一切感知;
我一看见你,立即张口结舌,
发不出一丝声音,
一股纤细的热流传遍全身,
耳内铃铃铃不断鸣响,
两只眼睛也好像被蒙住,
如暗夜朦胧不清。
卡图卢斯呵, 闲逸使你烦闷,
闲逸使你欢娱放纵无拘束。
你可知,闲逸曾使繁盛之邦
宫垣崩塌遭覆灭!①
(《诗集》第51首)
①这首诗前三节是对古希腊女诗人萨福的一首同样题材
的抒情诗的仿作,第四节步前三节格律,诗人自我提醒无休
止地脱离政治和事业的闲逸生活,可能毁掉他的前程。这首
诗可能作于卡图卢斯与勒斯比亚恋爱的初期。
王焕生译
“我又恨又爱……”
我又恨又爱,你也许会问:“为什么这样?”
不知道,我这样感觉,受着煎熬。
(《诗集》第85首)
王焕生译
“孚里乌斯,还有你,奥勒利乌斯”
孚里乌斯,还有你,奥勒利乌斯①,
你们愿意陪伴苦命的卡图卢斯,
无论他去遥远的印度,拍岸惊涛
发出隆隆轰鸣,
或是去希尔卡尼亚②,奢华的阿拉伯,
茫茫的萨卡草原③,骁勇善射的帕提亚④,
或是去到有七条支流汇集的尼罗河
灌溉的无际旷野,
或是翻越险峻的阿尔卑斯山,
目睹凯撒在那里建立的标记,
高卢的莱茵河风光,不列颠的
令人惊怖的海洋,
命运注定我忍受的一切,
你们都愿与我一起承担,
请转告她几句临别赠言,
恕我用语不太友善:
让她和那些浪子厮混吧,
伸开双臂一次拥抱数百人,
她对他们全无情意,却要
惹他们魂消魄散。
但愿她忘却我对她的旧情,
她使我象一朵落在荒原的野花,
犁铧经过,早巳被碰撞得
枝折叶残损。
(《诗集》第11首)
①勒斯比亚的朋友,可能是勒斯比亚为了挽回已经破裂
的爱情,派来伴送卡图卢斯远行的。
②在里海西南部。
③在里海东部。
④在里海东南部。
王焕生译
──《外国文学欣赏》(1985.3.)
Catullus
Born c. 84 B.C.E. Died c. 54 B.C.E. Born in Verona, Northern Italy, but spent much of his life in Rome.
Catullus has left us 116 poems of various lengths written between roughly 62-54 B.C.E., although there is debate as to the chronology of their composition (i.e. in what order they were written and when).
Many of the poems concern the poet’s passion for a woman identified as ‘Lesbia’ (whose real name, according to the author, was Clodia).
Catullus likely chose the name ‘Lesbia’ because of his admiration for Sappho, the Greek lyric poet of Lesbos, whose poetry he also imitated.
But Clodia did not apparently like Catullus and his poetry shows all the stages of romantic love from deep attachment to jealousy, despair, bitterness and, finally, indifference.
Catullus’s love poems would influence Ovid (43 B.C.E.–17 C.E.) who in addition to the famous Metamorphoses wrote The Art of Love and other love poetry.
Catullus would also be an influence on the later Italian poet Petrarch (1304-74 C.E.) as well as poets in various European traditions including William Shakespeare (1564-1616 C.E.).
One particularly famous phrase derives from Catullus’s work:
‘odi et amo’ (trans. ‘I hate and I love’), a succinct description of the pains of romantic love in which it is possible to love and hate simultaneously.
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