阿契鲍尔德·约瑟夫·克罗宁②

　　Archibald Joseph Cronin
　　阿契鲍尔德·约瑟夫·克罗宁,英国小说家
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　　A. J. Cronin (1896-1981) - in full Archibald Joseph Cronin
　　Scottish novelist, an accomplished storyteller, who practised as a doctor over a decade before devoting himself entirely to writing. Cronin gained his fame initially with Hatter's Castle (1931), the story of the megalomanic James Brodie, a Scottish hatmaker and his foolish dreams of social acceptance. Cronin produced several bestsellers drawing from his experiences as a doctor - his most famous character was Dr Finlay Hyslop. Some of his works had religious themes, like The Keys of the Kingdom (1942), which was also made into a film, starring Gregory Peck. Cronin continued to write until he was in his eightieth year.
　　'In the recollections of those who, like myself, have ventured into descriptions of their early years, nothing has bored me more than those long, tedious, and particularized listings of the books the author has read and which led, in the end, to the formation of a literary tastes that was demonstrably excellent. For this reason I refrain from presenting a catalogue and state simply that I read everything.' (from A Song of Sixpence, 1964)
　　Archibald Joseph Cronin was born in Cardross, Strathclyde, the only child of Jessie (Montgomerie) Cronin and Patrick Cronin. His childhood was shadowed by the death of his father and poverty; his mother tried to struggle forward alone. After two years she returned to her parents' home. Cronin was sent to Dumbarton Academy at his uncle's expense. In 1914 he entered the Glasgow University Medical School, graduating in 1919. During World War I Cronin served as a surgeon in the Royal Navy.
　　After the war he worked as a ship's surgeon on a liner bound for India, and then served in various hospitals. After marrying his early love, Agnes Mary Gibson, whom he had met at Glasgow University, Cronin left Scotland. He moved with his wife, who was also a doctor, to Tregenny, a small mining town in South Wales, and then to Tredegar, where they spent three years, and where their first child was born. After being appointed Medical Inspector of Mines in 1924, he started to investigate occupational diseases in the coal industry. These experiences formed the basis of the novels The Stars Look Down (1935) and The Citadel (1937), which made Cronin famous in the United States, and inspired the director King Vidor's film version of the book. Robert Donat was nominated for an Oscar for his performance in the film.
　　In 1925 Cronin was awarded his M.D. by the University of Glasgow and subsequently he started to practise in Wales and in London. Cronin's heath broke down in 1930 and he sold his practice. Whilst convalescing in the West Highlands of Scotland, he started to write his first novel, Hatter's Castle. He once threw the manuscript away, believing it would not be good. After being encouraged by a local farmer, digging a ditch which his father had dug without finishing the work, Cronin completed his own effort.
　　The book was an immediate success in Britain and was filmed in 1941. After its publication accusations were made, that Cronin had plagiarized George Douglas's novel The House With the Green Shutters (1901). However, the book allowed Cronin to give up practicing medicine in favour of writing. The Stars Look Down was a socially charged novel, which examined injustices in a North England mining community. Carol Reed's film adaptation, starring Michael Redgrave, was praised by the writer Graham Greene: 'Dr Cronin's mining novel has produced a very good film - I doubt whether in England we have ever produced a better.' Generally it was regarded as the first British film with social relevance. Vigil in the Night, first published in Good Housekeeping in 1939, was filmed by George Stevens in 1940, starring Carole Lombard, Anne Shirley, and Brian Aherne. In this romantic melodrama Lombard played a dedicated nurse in a provincial hospital in England, who sacrifices herself for her sister, but then finds work in a large hospital. Cronin's stories inspired also such directors as Victor Saville (The Green Years), Philip Leacock (The Spanish Gardener), and Jack Cardiff (Beyond This Place).
　　In 1939 Cronin moved to the United States with his family. He wrote The Keys of the Kingdom, a story of a Roman Catholic priest, Father Francis Chisholm, who spends years as a missionary in China. Father Chisholm becomes familiar with the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, adopts a simple way of life, and advocates ecumenical cooperation between all Christians. His tolerance is viewed with suspicion within the institutional Church by his superiors. David O. Selznick had bought the screen rights to the novel in 1941 for $100,000, but he did not want to do the film with Gregory Peck. However, Darryl F. Zanuck, production chief at 20th Century-Fox, was convinced that Peck was right for the Father Chisholm role. Nunnally Johnson had written earlier the screenplay and it was revised by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. The film was shot entirely on the Fox studio lot, but with its $3 million budget it was one of the most expensive pictures of the year.
　　Critical reaction to the film was mixed. In the New York Post Irene Thirer called the picture 'a lengthy, highly dramatic, entrancingly photographed production... Stahl had captured a delicate spiritual quality, and at the same time managed to give the action sequences a biting tang; also he has preserved the wit and subtlety of the manuscript, with each and every performer expertly cast.' Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune saw that Mankiewicz and Johnson did not 'succeed in packing a rambling literary narrative into the exigent outlines of a satisfactory film entertainment.' Cronin himself was satisfied with the result and praised both adaptation and Peck's performance - the actor later said that he had been helped by a Catholic missionary, Father O'Hara, who had lived eight years in China. Peck was voted for an Oscar nomination for best actor. 'I remember particularly in one scene, where I had to preach in Chinese, how Father O'Hara was persuaded to act out the scene for me. I hadn't been able to catch the feeling of it somehow. I couldn't feel natural. So we asked him to try it. And he did, walking through that crowd of Chinese extras, ringing a little silver bell and talking to each one, in Chinese, after first bowing with the greatest courtesy. He did it as he must have done a thousand times in real life. Then I realized what I had missed in the scene: that grave courtesy and respect for each person as an individual.' (from The Films of Gregory Peck by John Griggs, 1984)
　　Catholic faith was also the central subject in The Minstrel Boy (1975). The narrator is Alec, who follows through decades of disasters and triumphs of his friend, Desmonde Fitzgerald, a young priest. Alec becomes a doctor and a successful writer. Desmonde wins a singing competition and his marvelous voice opens the doors to music for him, and later to Hollywood films. But he also must solve his relationship with the beautiful and wretched Claire, whom he has married, leaving his career within the organization of the Church. Again Cronin's hero must find his true calling in life. Desmonde rejects fame and glory, and also the golf club at Bel Air and the Racquet Club at Palm Springs. During his long walks on Malibu Beach he realizes the emptiness of his life: 'Few people use this stretch, far from the swimming beach and bathing huts, and I encounter only the regulars: Charles Chaplin, too enwrapped in his own genius to be conscious of anyone but himself, and a tall, strongly built man who walks slowly, reading, but who occasionally nods and smiles to me as we pass. These apart, one can fond solitude, and here I walk, struggling with myself and with my own unhappy thoughts.' Eventually Desmonde goes to Madras to work amongst the neglected and homeless children of the Untouchables.
　　Although English books were forbidden in Germany during World War II, Cronin's works dealing with mining communities were in 1943 on display in Dresden's bookstores for propaganda reasons. After the war Cronin travelled with his family in Europe. In the autobiographical book ADVENTURES IN TWO WORLD (1952) Cronin returned to his experiences as a doctor in Scotland and South Wales, and examined his religious beliefs in the last chapters. Cronin tells how he rediscovered his Catholic background in the 1930s. His father had been Catholic and his mother was from a strongly Protestant family. At school Cronin grew away from religion - he had been teased because of his Catholic faith, and he started to feel disgust for bigotry. Cronin's own dream was brotherhood between people and ecumenical understanding between different churches, not tearing rivalry. This spirit of conciliation marked all his books dealing with questions of faith.
　　'Now he perceived how illusory his hopes had been, how all his imaginings had been falsely based on a romantic re-creation of the past. Had he actually expected, after thirty years, to find Mary as on the day he had abandoned her, sweet with the freshness of youth, tenderly passionate, still virginal? God knows he would have wished it so. But the miracle had not occurred and now, having heard the history of a woman who wept for him late and long, who married, though not for love, lost an invalid husband, who suffered hardships, ill-fortune, perhaps even poverty, yet sacrificed herself to bring up her daughter to a worthy profession - knowing all this, he had returned to reality, to the calm awareness that the Mary he would find at Markinch would be a middle-aged woman, with work-worn hands and tired, gentle eyes, bruised and defeated by the battle of live...' (from The Judas Tree, 1961)
　　By 1958 the sales of Cronin's novels amounted to seven million in the United States. Cronin's humanism and social realism also made him popular in the Soviet Union. Many of Cronin's books were adapted for films or television programs. The television series Dr Finlay's Casebook (1959-66, new adaptation 1993) was based on his stories. In the 1960s it was one of the most popular series on British television. For the last 35 years of his life Cronin lived in Switzerland. He died on January 9, 1981, in Montreux, Switzerland.
　　For further reading: World Authors 1900-1950, ed. by Martin Seymour-Smith and Andrew C. Kimmens (1996); A.J. Cronin by D. Salwalk (1985); A.J. Cronin: A Reference Guide by D. Salwalk (1984); Adventures in Two Worlds by A.J. Cronin (1952); Catholic Authors, ed. by M. Hoehn (1947) - Other medical doctors as writers: Anton Chekhov, Frank G. Slaughter, Lloyd C. Douglas, Richard Gordon, Michael Crichton, James Herriot (veterinarian) - Other films based on Cronin's stories (not listed below): Once to Every Woman (1934), dir. by Lambert Hillyer, starring Walter Connolly, Ralph Bellamy, Fay Wray - See also: A.J. Cronin
　　Selected works:
　　HATTER'S CASTLE, 1931 - Hattukauppias ja h'auml;nen linnansa - film 1941, dir. by Lance Comfort, starring Deborah Kerr and James Mason
　　THREE LOVES, 1932 - Kolme rakkautta
　　GRAND CANARY, 1933 - Joutsenten talo - film 1934, dir. by Irving Cummings, starring Warner Baxter, H.B. Warner, Madge Evans
　　THE STARS LOOK DOWN, 1935 - Kaivos ja kartano - film 1939, dir. by Carol Reed, starring Michael Redgrave, Margaret Lockwood, Edward Rigby - 'Fine, interesting, depressing film that was one of few commercial films to get into politics/economics of mining industry; it reveals the contempt rich owners have for their unpaid employees and the distrust labor has for its union leaders. Crowd scenes have a documentary look; dramatic scenes are handled simply.' (Danny Peary in Guide for the Film Fanatic, 1986)
　　THE CITADEL, 1937 - Sis'auml;rengas - film 1938. dir. by King Vidor, starring Robert Donat, Rosalind Russell, Ralph Richardson. - Remade in Britain as a TV miniseries.
　　LADY WITH CARNATIONS, 1939 - Neilikkanainen
　　JUPITER LAUGHS, 1940 (play) - film Shining Victory (1941), dir. by Irving Rapper, starring James Stephenson, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Donald Crisp
　　THE KEYS OF THE KINGDOM, 1942 - Taivasten valtakunnan avaimet - film 1944, dir. by John M. Stahl, written Joseph L. Mankiewicz and Nunnally Johnson, starring Gregory Peck, Thomas Mitchell, Vincent Price, Rose Stradner
　　THE GREEN YEARS, 1944 - Vihre'auml;t vuodet - film 1946, dir. by Victor Saville, starring Charles Coburn, Dean Stockwell, Tom Drake
　　THE ADVENTURES OF A BLACK BAG, 1946 - L'auml;'auml;k'auml;rinlaukku
　　SHANNON'S WAY, 1948 - L'auml;'auml;k'auml;rin tie
　　THE SPANISH GARDENER, 1950 - Espanjalainen puutarhuri - film 1956, dir. by Philip Leacock, starring Dirk Bogarde, Sir Michael Hordern, Jon Whiteley, Cyril Cusack
　　ADVENTURES IN TWO WORLD, 1952 - Kahdessa maailmassa
　　BEYOND THIS PLACE, 1953 - Sokea jumalatar - film 1959 (also known as Web of Evidence), dir. by Jack Cardiff, starring Van Johnson, Vera Miles, Barnard Lee
　　CRUSADER'S TOMB, 1956 - Ristiretkel'auml;isen hauta
　　A THING OF BEAUTY, 1956
　　THE NORTHERN LIGHT, 1958 - P'auml;'auml;toimittaja
　　THE NATIVE DOCTOR / AN APPLE IN EDEN, 1959 - Tohtori Murrayn teht'auml;v'auml;
　　THE JUDAS TREE, 1961 - Juudaan puu
　　THE INNKEEPER'S WIFE, 1962
　　A SONG OF SIXPENCE, 1964 - Viiden pennin balladi
　　A QUESTION OF MODERNITY, 1966
　　A POCKETFUL OF RYE, 1969 - Kierto p'auml;'auml;ttyy, tohtori Carroll
　　ENCHANTED SNOW, 1971 - Lumitarina
　　THE MINSTREL BOY, 1975 - Laulajapapin tie
　　DESMONDE, 1975
　　GRACIE LINDSAY, 1978
　　SHORT STORIES FROM DR FINLAY'S CASEBOOK, 1979
　　DOCTOR FINLAY OF TANNOCHBRAE, 1985