庄周梦蝶②

　　【发音】zhuāng zhōu mèng dié
　　【解释】不知是庄周做梦变成了蝴蝶呢，还是蝴蝶做梦变成了。
　　【出处】
　　《庄子·齐物论》：“昔者庄周梦为蝴蝶，栩栩然蝴蝶也，自喻适志与！不知周也。俄然觉，则蘧蘧然周也。不知周之梦为蝴蝶与？蝴蝶之梦为周与？周与蝴蝶则必有分矣。此之谓物化。”
　　【示例】 死离生别,一似～。 ——明·胡文焕《群音类选·〈投笔记·匈奴困超〉》
　　【典故】
　　从前有一天，庄周梦见自己变成了，一只翩翩起舞的蝴蝶。自己非常快乐，悠然自得，不知道自己是庄周。一会儿梦醒了，却是僵卧在床的庄周。不知是庄周做梦变成了蝴蝶呢，还是蝴蝶做梦变成了庄周呢？
　　这则寓言是表现齐物思想的名篇。庄子认为人们如果能打破生死、物我的界限，则无往而不快乐。它写得轻灵飘渺，常为和所引用。
　　《庄子·蝶梦》中有一段妙语：“昔者庄周梦为蝴蝶，栩栩然蝴蝶也，自喻适志与，不知周也。俄然觉，则蘧蘧然周也。不知周之梦为蝴蝶与，蝴蝶之梦为周与？周与蝴蝶则必有分矣。此之谓物化。”
　　清人写的《》，可称得上是一副供燥热的现代人服用的清凉散。禅不可说，清言不可译。《幽梦影》中有这么一句妙语，可谓是点出了庄子哲学的精髓：“庄周梦为蝴蝶，庄周之幸也；蝴蝶梦为庄周，蝴蝶之不幸也。”
　　不是吗？庄周化为蝴蝶，从喧嚣的人生走向逍遥之境，是庄周的大幸；而蝴蝶梦为庄周，从逍遥之境步入喧嚣的人生，恐怕就是蝴蝶的悲哀了。
　　【哲学观点】
　　庄周梦蝶是庄子提出的一个哲学论点，认为人不可能确切地区分真实和虚幻。
　　庄子以故事的形式对此进行了如下阐述：“昔者庄周梦为蝴蝶，栩栩然蝴蝶也。自喻适志与！不知周也。俄然觉，则蘧蘧然周也。不知周之梦为蝴蝶与？蝴蝶之梦为周与？周与蝴蝶则必有分矣。此之谓物化。”[选自《庄子·内篇·齐物论第二》 ]
　　其大意就是庄子一天做梦梦见自己变成了蝴蝶，梦醒之后发现自己还是庄子，于是他不知道自己到底是梦到庄子的蝴蝶呢，还是梦到蝴蝶的庄子。在这里，庄子提出一个哲学问题——人如何认识真实。如果梦足够真实，人没有任何能力知道自己是在做梦。
　　【相关形式】
　　1641年，在《》（en:Meditations on First Philosophy）中阐述了类似的观点，他认为人通过感知世界，世界万物都是间接被感知的，因此外部世界有可能是真实的也有可能是虚假的。这一论点是的重要前提。
　　【原文】：
　　昔者庄周梦为胡蝶，栩栩然胡蝶也。自喻适志与！不知周也。俄然觉，则蘧蘧然周也
　　不知周之梦为胡蝶与？胡蝶之梦为周与？？周与胡蝶则必有分矣。此之谓物化。
　　【译文】：
　　庄周梦见自己变成一只蝴蝶，飘飘然，十分轻松惬意。这时全然忘记了自己是庄周。一会儿醒来，对自己还是庄周十分惊奇疑惑。认真想一想，不知是庄周做梦变成蝴蝶呢，还是蝴蝶做梦变成庄周？ 解读：这个故事一般称作“庄周梦蝶”。在一般人看来，一个人在醒时的所见所感是真实的，梦境是幻觉，是不真实的。庄子却以为不然。虽然，醒是一种境界，梦是另一种境界，二者是不相同的；庄周是庄周，蝴蝶是蝴蝶，二者也是不相同的。但庄周看来，他们都只是一种现象，是道运动中的一种形态，一个阶段而已。
　　【诗文中的“庄周梦蝶”意象】
　　庄周梦蝶的故事为后人所喜爱，成为了诗文中的一个重要意象。诗人们常常借助这一意象来表达人生如梦、故国与亲友之思以及恬淡闲适之情。本文主要从这三方面进行阐释。
　　一.
　　庄子《齐物论》“梦蝶”的寓言故事充满了梦幻迷离：是庄周梦为蝴蝶呢，还是蝴蝶梦为庄周呢？庄周与蝴蝶又有什么分别呢？庄周的“蝴蝶梦”就像那只栩栩飞舞的蝴蝶一样让人梦魂牵绕，其独具特色的艺术魅力使无数文人墨客为之倾醉，此后“梦”与“蝶”交织在一起，以其迷离的梦幻色彩为历代迁客骚人所吟唱，这一文学意象也变得越来越迷人而富有魅力。此后，在相当长的一段时间内，文人们虽然对蝴蝶有大量的描写，但把蝶与梦联系起来演绎庄周梦蝶的故事，借此抒怀的，应首推梁简文帝萧纲。他在《十空六首·如梦》一诗中首次运用庄周梦蝶的典故来表达一切皆空、人生如梦的思想：“秘驾良难辨，司梦并成虚。未验周为蝶，安知人作鱼。”简文帝虽贵为帝王，但身为傀儡的他终日如履薄冰，此时多么希望化为庄周梦中之蝶，来消解心中的忧愁。此后文人们往往借助“庄周梦蝶”的故事抒发他们人生如幻，变化无常，时光易逝，富贵不可求的惆怅与感叹。在《古风五十九首》中写道：“庄周梦蝴蝶，蝴蝶为庄周。一体更变易，万事良悠悠。乃知蓬莱水，复作清浅流。青门种瓜人，旧日东陵侯。富贵固如此，营营何所求。”人生本如蝴蝶梦一般，变化莫测，昔日的东陵侯，现在成了城外的种瓜人，富贵哪有定数，又怎值得去追求呢？白居易仕途遭受挫折，理想破灭时，整日也如在梦中：“鹿疑郑相终难辨，蝶化庄生讵可知。假使如今不是梦，能长于梦几多时。”（《疑梦二首》）是蝴蝶化为庄周呢，还是庄周化为蝴蝶，谁又能分得清楚？纵然现在不是活在梦中，但又与梦有什么区别？人生真是一场梦。宋人梅尧臣对此也有深切的感受：“忽忽枕前蝴蝶梦，悠悠觉后利名尘。无穷今日明朝事，有限生来死去人。”人生就如蝴蝶梦，富贵名利作尘埃。因此诗人陆游在晚年告诫人们说：“世言黄帝华胥境，千古榛荒孰再游。但解消摇化蝴蝶，不须富贵慕蚍蜉。”（《睡觉作》）在诗人们的笔下，庄周的蝴蝶梦充满了消极与迷离的色彩。
　　国破家亡，苟且偷生的日子更使南宋遗民们恍若隔世，因此留下了大量以蝴蝶梦来抒写自己梦魇般生活的诗歌。如俞德邻的“梦中知是蝶，还复是蒙庄”（《邻居》）、刘辰翁的“何日花开，作两蝴蝶”（《庄子像赞》）和方凤的《庄生梦蝶图》：“素来梦觉两俱空，开眼还如阖眼同。蝶是庄周周是蝶，百花无口骂春风”等等。人世间，哪有比国破家亡更让人痛苦的事情？忠君爱国的遗老们又无力扭转乾坤，只好将自己的迷惘、愁思与希望寄托于蝴蝶梦中。人生如梦、富贵何求的慨叹更弥漫在身心备受摧残的元代文人身上。在异族铁蹄统治下的汉人政治上没有了出路，身心也备受摧残，因此庄周梦蝶的故事成了他们经常借以抒怀的主题。如卢挚的[双调·殿前欢]《庄周化蝶》：“酒新，一葫芦春醉海棠洲，一葫芦未饮香先透，俯仰曹丘，傲人间万户侯。重酣后，梦景皆虚谬，庄周化蝶，蝶化庄周。”曾瑞的[中吕·山坡羊]《蝶梦叟》：“虚名休就，眉头休皱，终身更不遇机毂，抱官囚，为谁愁，功名半纸难能够，争如漆园蝶梦叟。”人生如梦，功名何求，那万种愁思，不得已消在蝴蝶梦中。
　　此外诗人们还经常借庄周梦蝶的故事来吊古怀今，悲今伤古，咏叹人生。唐诗人李中《经古观有感》中这样写道：“漆园化蝶名空在，柱史犹龙去不归。丹井泉枯苔锁合，醮坛松折鹤来稀。回头因叹浮生事，梦里光阴疾若飞。”漆园化蝶的故事已过去多少年了，而当年的经古观如今已是泉枯松折，人生似幻，光箭若飞。苏轼在清淮楼上登高望远，面对远处的淮水也发出了“逝者如斯夫”的慨叹：“观鱼惠子台芜没，梦蝶庄生冢木秋。惟有清淮供四望，年年依旧背城流。”（《题清淮楼》）物是人非，当年梦中化蝶的庄生墓上也已是秋草凋零，此时此情，诗人心中的苍凉又能与谁诉说。明人柳瑛在庄子台前凭吊庄子时同样抒写了此种感情：“每爱南华老氏流，平生心迹与天游。当年台榭遗荒壤，此日衣冠识古丘。梦蝶台存时世异，观鱼人去岁华悠。”（《庄台怀古》）诗人韩元吉更为简洁明了地说：“岁月催人易白头，只应蝴蝶梦为周。”（《病中放言五首》）蝴蝶梦寄寓了诗人们多少悲哀、无奈与迷惘，人生如梦的慨叹成了诗文中“庄周梦蝶”意象的重要内容。
　　二.
　　“蝴蝶梦”也常寄托着文人才子们对故国、故土、故人的思念之情。有家不能回，有国不能报，身陷异国他乡的庾信首先借用蝴蝶梦来抒写了自己对故国的思念，独在异乡的哀愁。他在《拟咏怀》诗中这样写道：“寻思万户侯，中夜忽然愁。琴声遍屋里，书卷满床头，虽言梦蝴蝶，定自非庄周。残月如初月，新秋似旧秋。露泣连珠下，萤飘碎火流。乐天乃知命，何时能不忧。”半夜里诗人不能入睡，愁上心头，幽咽的琴声传遍屋里，诗人听了倍感凄凉，那梦中的蝴蝶哪里是庄周，分明就是自己。天上的残月就像来时的初月，异乡的秋天多像家乡的秋天啊。这里作者把蝴蝶梦与初月、旧秋等一系列意象联系在一起，组成了一幅秋日月夜怀乡图，渗透着作者对故国故土的思念之情，使人黯然泪下。唐人崔涂在《春夕旅怀》中通过蝴蝶梦也寄托了自己飘泊他乡、思念故土之情：“水流花谢两无情，送尽东风过楚城。蝴蝶梦中家万里，杜鹃枝上月三更。”远离家乡的诗人已是两鬓生白，三更月时枝上杜鹃的悲鸣声打破了诗人思乡的蝴蝶梦。另外欧阳修的《玉楼春》：“寻思还有旧家心，蝴蝶时时来役梦”和洪迈的《秋日漫兴》：“倦游已梦庄生蝶，不饮何忧广客蛇”等都通过蝴蝶梦寄寓了游子的乡关之思。
　　面对山河破碎，国破家亡，忠臣节士们通过蝴蝶梦宣泄了他们保家卫国，眷念故国，怀念故土的复杂感情。辛弃疾抗金无路，报国无门，壮志难酬，蝴蝶梦是他万斛愁般的真实写照：“怎得身似庄周，梦中蝴蝶，花底人间世。记取江头三月暮，风雨不为春计。万斛愁来，金貂头上，不抵银瓶贵。”（《念奴娇·和赵国兴知录韵》）而《满江红》一词则表达了他对沦陷故土的思念：“层楼望，春山叠，家何在，烟波隔，把古今遗恨，向他谁说？蝴蝶不传千里梦，子规叫断三更月。听声声，枕上劝人归，归难得。”词中作者将蝴蝶梦、子规蹄、三更月等多种意象交织在一起，把对思念故土的感情表达得淋漓尽致。而南宋遗民汪元量的《满江红·吴山》一词更将这种感情推向了极致：
　　一霎浮云，都掩尽，日无光色。遥望处，浮屠对峙，梵王新阙。燕子自飞关北外，杨花闲度楼西侧。慨金鞍玉勒早朝人，经年歇。昭君去，空愁绝，文姬去，难言说，想琵琶哀怨，泪流成血。蝴蝶梦中千种恨，杜鹃声里三更月，最无情，鸿雁自南飞，音书缺。
　　词人将浮云蔽日、杜鹃啼血、鸿雁南飞等意象和昭君出塞、文姬蒙难等典故与蝴蝶梦有机地联系起来，将对故国的思念表达得如泣如诉，读之让人伤心欲绝、令人回肠荡气。
　　此外蝴蝶梦还寄予了文人们对亲人的怀念和对友人的思念之情。黄庭坚在《红蕉洞独宿》中写道：“南床高卧读逍遥，真感生来不易销。枕落梦魂飞蛱蝶，灯残风雨送芭蕉。永怀玉树埋尘土，何异蒙鸠挂苇苕。衣笐妆台蛛结网，可怜无以永今朝。”（《山谷外集》卷十四）在一个风雨交加的夜晚，诗人独自夜宿红蕉洞，看到布满了蛛网的梳妆台，睹物思人，想起了早已离开人世的妻子，此时屋外雨打芭蕉，屋内烛灯如豆，孤苦伶仃的诗人，在这昏昏的灯光之下，也只有借蝴蝶梦才能暂时消解心中的悲苦与对亡妻的怀念吧。李商隐在他著名的爱情诗《锦瑟》中则运用梦蝶的故事写出了诗人对恋人的思念：“庄生晓梦迷蝴蝶，望帝春心托杜鹃。”用蝴蝶梦抒写对友人的思念的例子也颇多。如李若水的《次韵高子文途中见寄》：“别后梦烦庄叟蝶，迩来书误子卿鸿”，向伯恭的《鹧鸪天·番禺齐安郡王席上赠故人》：“长怅恨，短姻缘，空余蝴蝶梦相连”和黄庭坚的《离亭燕·次韵答廖明略见寄》：“梦去倚君傍，蝴蝶归来清晓”等等，无一不用蝴蝶梦表达了与友人的友谊。
　　三.
　　一部分诗人他们或隐居山林，或身在田园，过着陶渊明“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”式的生活，劳作之余手捧《南华》，与庄蝶共舞，尽情陶醉于大自然中。在他们笔下，庄周梦蝶则脱去了上述忧伤的调子，透露着生活的恬淡与惬意。蝴蝶梦抒写着诗人们闲适恬淡的思想感情，表达了他们对自由生活的热爱。
　　唐人钱起在《衡门春夜》写道：“不厌晴林下，微风度葛巾。宁唯北窗月，自为上皇人。丛筱轻新署，孤花占晚春。寄言庄叟蝶，与尔得天真。”诗人与清风、明月同在，无忧无虑得就像庄周梦中之蝶，率性天真，真得庄子之旨趣。又《题崔逸人山亭》：“药径深红藓，山窗满翠微。羡君花下酒，蝴蝶梦中飞。”一条弯弯的小径长满了深红色的苔藓，推开窗户满眼翠绿，坐在花下自斟自饮，不一会儿就变成了一只蝴蝶梦中飞舞，只有这时诗人才真正体悟到庄子梦中周与、蝶与的乐趣。再看梅尧臣的《睡意》：“花时啼鸟不妨喧，清暑北窗聊避燠。叶落夜雨声满阶，雪下晓寒低压屋。……且梦庄周化蝴蝶，焉顾仲尼讥朽木。”面对花鸟雨雪的自然风景，诗人身寓其中，乐此不疲，即使被孔子饥为朽木，也要享受庄周梦蝶的乐趣。诗人郑刚也乐此不疲：“老夫春睡美，蝴蝶是庄周。”（《幽趣》）还有的诗人虽然身在仕途，但却向往着田园生活。诗人权德舆说：“日抱汉阴瓮，或成蝴蝶梦。树老欲连云，竹深疑入洞。欢言交羽觞，列坐俨成行。歌吟不能去，待此明月光。”（《酬南园新亭宴璩新第慰庆之作时任宾客》）诗人官做得累了，闲暇之余与宾客一起来到修竹茂林之间，仰头望见烟雾迷蒙的中南峰，此时心境就像抱瓮灌园的汉阴丈人，一切机心欲望皆消。觥筹交错，放声歌唱，不知不觉已是月朗星稀，此时此刻，自己俨然像庄周梦中之蝶那样快乐。庄周通过梦蝶的寓言故事，意在阐述物我两忘，不以世事撄心，追求逍遥自由的哲学思想。纵观这些诗文，它们发挥了庄子的精神，赋予了梦中之蝶以欢乐的色彩，把庄周之蝶看作自由快乐的化身，享受着梦蝶自由飞舞之乐。
　　“庄周梦蝶”的故事以其深刻的意蕴，为文人们提供了丰富的审美想象空间，因此诗人们的离愁别绪、人生慨叹、思乡恋国、恬淡闲适等多种人生感悟和体验很自然地融入其中，借其表达了出来。在历代文人的共同努力下，这一文学意象不断充实和完善，其魅力也越来越迷人。
　　四. 英文版详解
　　First Lesson: Oneness
　　By connecting himself with the butterfly, Chuang Tzu is pointing out that all living things are united by the life force within them. The drive to survive and thrive in us is the very same drive that also exists in everything from the largest creatures to the smallest insects. When we recognize this, we can begin to see ourselves as part of nature rather than apart from nature.
　　Chuang Tzu has chosen the butterfly deliberately to emphasize this point. In terms of appearance, the butterfly seems as different from a human being as anything can be. Nevertheless, at a fundamental level it is exactly like us - a manifestation of life, and therefore of the Tao, in the material world.
　　If we can say that about a butterfly, then we can say that about anything. Therefore, one of the most basic truths in the world is that all are one.
　　Second Lesson: Life is Like a Dream
　　Chuang Tzu also points out in this story that a dream can seem every bit as real as our waking existence. All the sights and sounds, feelings and emotions in the dream can be just as vivid and intense as our experience in reality.
　　This lesson is an exercise in detachment in two areas of life: emotional obsessions and material obsessions. The key to this lesson is the realization that if we can see how dreams can seem completely real, then we can also see how reality can be just like a dream.
　　Third Lesson: Awakening Awareness
　　Becoming fully awake is a powerful metaphor in spiritual cultivation. The word 'buddha' literally means someone who has become fully awakened. Compared to this true state of wakefulness, our everyday consciousness resembles sleep, and everything we consider real in life turns out to have no more reality than a dream that fades into nothingness.
　　This may be difficult to understand. After all, at this very moment you probably feel very much awake. Why would anyone say you are asleep when you know you aren't?
　　The truth is that almost everyone operates at a low level of awareness most of the time. Consider the last time you locked a door, walked away, and then had to go back to double-check because you couldn't be sure you actually locked it. Or, think of the last time you walked into a room and couldn't remember why you went in there. Were you looking for something? If so, what was it? Chances are you had to retrace your steps just to reconnect with your original intent.
　　If you've ever had experiences similar to the above, then you already understand Chuang Tzu's point. As we go through the motions in day-to-day existence, we seem to be sleepwalking most of the time. Once in a while we have a moment of clarity, like a sleeper awakening just enough to check the alarm clock, and then we go right back into slumber.
　　How can we become more fully awake? This is something that requires persistent effort. Tao cultivators who focus on this aspect of life would consistently practice being present. Through diligent repetition, they develop the habit to always ask themselves 'What exactly am I doing right now?' and 'What exactly is going on around me right now?' People who do this invariably make surprising discoveries. They catch themselves doing things that make little sense, or they suddenly become aware of something significant and obvious that somehow eluded their notice before. The more they practice this, the better they get at it, and being in the moment becomes a more natural and much more frequent occurrence.
　　Fourth Lesson: Transformation
　　The last lesson from Chuang Tzu is also the most important. The butterfly in the story is crucial, because it represents joyous freedom - a liberating state of spirituality where one transcends fears, just like the butterfly flying free of the limitations imposed by gravity. A Tao cultivator who achieves this freedom becomes an unbounded individual, not held back by emotional or material attachments that tie most people down.
　　The transformation that Chuang Tzu speaks of in this story, in conjunction with the butterfly, form a powerful imagery that represents the complete process of Tao cultivation. We start out making slow progress, learning one lesson after another, just like the caterpillar crawling slowly, eating its way through leaves.
　　After sufficient accumulation of knowledge over a period of time, the mind begins processing the information to extract wisdom for the soul. This is a time of meditation, reflection and quietude, much like the fully grown caterpillar going into the chrysalis stage.
　　Then, the magical metamorphosis begins. Miniature wings, almost imperceptible, expand rapidly to become much larger. A spectacular transformation takes place, and the stunning creature that emerges from the chrysalis bears no resemblance to its former self. The child has become the adult.
　　In the same way, someone who goes through the metamorphosis of the Tao has become a new person. The Tao cultivator has transformed into a sage. The wings of spirituality have expanded to become much larger, much more colorful and beautiful.
　　Now we can see even more clearly that Chuang Tzu chose the butterfly with careful deliberation. It is also quite obvious now why the butterfly has come to represent Chuang Tzu in Chinese culture. Every piece of the puzzle fits together so well that it simply cannot be any other way.
　　Is Chuang Tzu telling us with this story that we all have the potential to turn into the butterfly?
　　Yes, but not without going through the larval and pupal stages. To jump directly into the butterfly stage can only be a dream that soon comes to an end. If you encounter people who claim to be enlightened, be especially cautious, because in all likelihood they are merely caterpillars no different from you and me. They may be convinced they are the butterfly, but that’s because they are dreaming.
　　What Chuang Tzu has given us is a glimpse of what we can achieve through Tao cultivation. If we have patience, diligence and faith as we seek and consume nutritious leaves, then the day will come when we go into the chrysalis and eventually emerge from it. That is when we will know... that the joyous freedom of the butterfly is no longer a dream!