英语时态②

  英语十六种时态解说

  英语时态

  英语语法中的时态(tense)是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。表示行为、动作、状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式,在英语中有16种时态。

  一、时态

  过去时 一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时

  现在时 一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时

  将来时 一般将来时 将来进行时 将来完成时

  名词解释

  英语时态应用指导 奚宝芬编著下面就英语中常见的十种基本时态进行阐述,其它的时态都是在这十种时态的基础上结合而成的。

  在语法里,时或时态表示行为发生的时间和说话时的关系。一般分为过去式、现在式、未来式,通常也有与表示动作进行或终止的进行式和完成式等体貌一起相连用的情况。

  时态连同语气、语态、体貌和人称为动词形式至少可能能够表现出的5种语法特性。

  有些语言,没有时态的使用,如分析语的中文,但必要时,仍有时间副词的辅助。也有些语言,如日文,形容词的词形变化能表达出时间上的资讯,有着类似动词的时态性质。还有些语言,如俄文,一个单词就能表现出时态和体貌。

  二、英语共有十六个时态、四个体

  英语共有十六个时态、四个体。(注:四个体为一般、进行、完成、完成进行。) 英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族中的式,如:直陈式,命令式等。

  (1)一般现在时

   基本形式(以do为例):

   主动态:do;

   被动态:doing、be done;

   过去时:did;

   第三人称单数:does(主语为非第三人称单数);

   肯定句:主语+动词原形+其他;

   否定句:主语+dont+动词原形+其他;

   一般疑问句:Do+主语+动词原形+其他。

   肯定回答:Yes,+ 主语+do.

   否定回答:No,+主语+don't.

   特殊疑问句:疑问词 一般疑问句语序

  (2)一般过去时

   be动词+行为动词的过去式

   was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt,同时还原行为动词

   was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did提问,同时还原行为动词

  (3)一般将来时

   am/are/is+going to+do

   will/shall+do

   am/is/are/about to do

   am/is/are to do

   一般将来时的表达方法

   be going to 动词原形

   be 不定式,be to 动词原形,be about to +动词原形

   be able to 不定式

   be about to 动词原形

  (4)、过去将来时

   be(was,were)going to 动词原形

   be(was,were)about to 动词原形

   be(was,were)to 动词原形

   肯定句:主语 be(was,were)going to 动词原形~.

   否定句:主语 be(was,were)not going to 动词原形~.

   疑问句:Be(Was,Were) 主语 going to 动词原形~?

   肯定句:主语 would(should) 动词原形~.

   否定句:主语 would(should)not 动词原形~.

   疑问句:Would(Should) 主语 动词原形~?

  (5)、现在进行时

  主语 be 动词ing〔现在分词〕形式

   第一人称 am doing sth

   第二人称 are doing sth

   第三人称 is doing sth

  (6)过去进行时

  肯定句:主语 was/were doing 其它

   否定句:主语 was/were not doing 其它

   一般疑问句及答语:Was/Were 主语 doing 其它 答语:Yes,I was./No,I wasn't.

   特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 was/were 主语 doing 其它

  (7)、将来进行时

   动词be的将来时 现在分词

  (8)、现在完成时

  基本结构:主语 have/has 过去分词(done)

   ①肯定句:主语 have/has 过去分词 其他

   ②否定句:主语 have/has not 过去分词 其他

   ③一般疑问句:Have/Has 主语 过去分词 其他

   ④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 一般疑问句(have/has 主语 过去分词 其他

  (9)、过去完成时

   基本结构:主语 had 过去分词(done)

   ①肯定句:主语 had 过去分词 其他

   ②否定句:主语 had not 过去分词 其他

   ③一般疑问句:Had 主语 过去分词 其他

   肯定回答:Yes,主语 had

   否定回答:No,主语 hadn't

   ④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 一般疑问句(had 主语 过去分词 其他)

   语法判定:

   ( 1 ) by 过去的时间点。如:

   I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

   ( 2 ) by the end of 过去的时间点。如:

   We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

   ( 3 ) before 过去的时间点。如:

   They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

   (10)、将来完成时

   (shall)will have 动词过去分词

   before 将来时间或by 将来时间

   before或by the time引导的现在时的从句

  (11)、现在完成进行时

   have/has been -ing 分词

  (12)、过去完成进行时

   had been -ing 分词

  (13)、将来完成进行时

   主语 shall/will have been doing

  (14)、过去将来进行时

   should(would) be 现在分词

  (15)、过去将来完成时

   should / would have done sth.

  (16)、过去将来完成进行时

   should have been 现在分词用于第一人称

   would have been 现在分词用于其他人称

   举例:

   英语中有12个主要时态,都来自于三时(过去、现在、将来)

   现在以I listen为例,举例英语中有12个主要时态如下所示:

   一般现在时:I listen

   现在进行时:I am listening

   过去进行时:I was listening

   现在完成时:I have listened

   现在完成进行时:I have been listening

   一般将来时:I shall listen或I will listen.

   将来进行时:I shall be listening

   一般过去时:I listened

   过去完成时:I had listened

   过去完成进行时:I had been listening

   将来完成时: I shall have listened

   将来完成进行时: I shall have been listening

   英语中不存在属格

   一个普遍的误解是在英语中只存在一个以's结尾表示所属的属格。然而,语言学家已经表明英语的所有格完全不是一个格,而是一个独立的词并且在书写和发音上都不是前一个词的一部分,这可以有下面这个句子表明:The King of Sparta's wife was called Helen.(斯巴达国王的妻子叫做海伦。)如果's是属格,那么妻子(wife)就属于斯巴达(Sparta),但是's并不是只表示斯巴达(Sparta),而是表示斯巴达国王(King of Sparta)。

   上面这个例子并不表明英语没有自己的属格;但是它现在已经发展成为另一个形式。在古英语中,ban的属格形式是banes。后来在现代英语中,这个发展成为了使用's表示的bone's。在18世纪,人们对此的解释是省略号代替了一个属格代词,就像the King's horse是the King, his horse的缩写。但是这个解释是不正确的。人们更相信是省略号代替了古英语中的e。

   英语和与格

   在现代英语中,与格不再是英语语法的一部分,它只出现在一些表达用语中。一个很好的例子是单词methinks(据我看来)。它来源于古英语的与格形式变化:me(与格的人称代词) thinks(to seem,与动词词组to think很接近的一个词组)。 与格在英语中可以不要前置词,例如在He built me a snowman.中一样。在这个例子中,me是与格。

  三、现在完成进行时

  现在完成进行时,是英语中,动词的一种基本时态,其构成为:主语 助动词(have/has) been 动词的现在分词 其他成分。其表达的意思有两种:1、表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去。2、表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。

  现在完成进行时的基本句型

  肯定式 I/We have been working.

  疑问式 Have you been working?

  简略回答 Yes,I/we have. No,I/we haven't.

  肯定式 He/She/It has been working. 疑问式 Has he/she/it been working?

  简略回答 Yes,he/she/it has. No,he/she/it hasn't.

  简介

  现在完成进行时(Present perfect continuous)

  主语 have(has)been 动词-ing

  (一)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去。

  The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.

  中国有2000年的造纸历史。(动作还将继续下去)

  I have been learning English since three years ago.

  自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。

  (动作还将继续下去)I study for English since 10 years ago.

  (二)表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。

  We have been waiting for you for half an hour.

  我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到,如同在电话里说的,还会继续等)

  (三)有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。

  They have been living in this city for ten years.

  They have lived in this city for ten years.

  他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。

  I have been working here for five years.

  I have worked here for five years.

  我在这里已经工作五年了。

  (四)大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。

  I have been writing a book.(动作还将继续下去)

  我一直在写一本书。

  I have written a book.(动作已经完成)

  我已经写了一本书。

  They have been building a bridge.

  他们一直在造一座桥。

  They have built a bridge.

  他们造了一座桥。

  (五)表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。

  I have known him for years.

  我认识他已经好几年了。

  * I have been knowing...

  这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有:love爱,like喜欢,hate讨厌,等等。

  (六)一些现在完成时的句子也与现在完成进行时的句子含义相同

  延续性动词在现在完成时与现在完成进行时时态中使用,句意相同。例如:

  She has slept for 6 hours and still can not wake up.

  She has been sleeping for 6 hours and still can not wake up.

  (七)表示现在以前一直在进行的动作强调动作的未完成性

  It has been raining for 3 days。

  对比

  1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。

  2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。

  一般过去时的时间状语:

  yesterday, last week,ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语

  共同的时间状语:

  this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately

  现在完成时的时间状语

  for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,

  不确定的时间状语

  3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

  过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。

  举例:

  I saw this film yesterday.

  (强调看的动作发生过了。)

  I have seen this film.

  (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)

  Why did you get up so early?

  (强调起床的动作已发生过了。)

  Who hasn't handed in his paper?

  (强调有包装,可能为不公平竞争。)

  She has returned from Paris.

  她已从巴黎回来了。

  She returned yesterday.

  她是昨天回来了。

  He has been in the League for three years.

  (在团内的状态可延续)

  He has been a League member for three years.

  (是团员的状态可持续)

  He joined the League three years ago.

  ( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)

  I have finished my homework now.

  ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?

  ---He's already been sent for.

  句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。

  (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

  (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

  总结

  其构成形式如下

  I / we / they have been 动词的现在分词

  He / she / it has been 动词的现在分词

  功用如下

  1) 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动,如:

  Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.

  Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

  2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动,如:

  It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)

  Jack has been feeling very well recently.

  3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在,可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内,重复发生的行动,如:

  She has been playing tennis since she was eight.

  4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响,而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身,如:

  Toms hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.

  The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.

  标志:1句中常有延续性动词2时间点前有since

  注意:

  现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。

  现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以

  现在完成进行时的否定结构

  在当代英语中,现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。如:

  Since that unfortunate accident last week, I havent been sleeping at all well. 自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后,我一直睡得很不好.

  He hasnt been working for me and I havent had that much contact with him. 他并没有给我工作过,我和他没有过那许多接触。

  否定句构成:

  主语 has/have not been 现在分词 其他

  一般疑问句构成:

  Have/has 主语 been 现在分词 其他

  四、将来完成时

  定义

  将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before 将来时间或by 将来时间连用,也可与before或by the time或by the end of短语引导的现在时的从句连用。

  构成

  shall have 过去分词用于第一人称,will have 过去分词可用于所有人称。

  实例

  a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。并在将来完成。

  b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或已获得的经验。

  They will have been married for 20 years by then.

  You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

  将来完成时的构成

  将来完成时的构成是由shall/will have 过去分词构成的。

  Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.

  不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。

  He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.

  他现在是一个有身份的人了,他可能不会记得老同学了。

  Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?

  到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧?

  将来完成时的用法

  ①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。

  Pick me up at 8 o'clock,I will have had breakfast by then.

  早上8点钟你来接我,到时我已经吃完早饭了。

  We will have learned 12 units by the end of this term.

  到这个学期末,我们将学完12个单元。

  By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.

  你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。

  ②表示推测,相当于must have done结构。

  You will have heard of this, I guess.

  我想你已经听说过这件事了。

  I am sure he will have got the information.

  我相信他一定会得到这个信息。

  ③.表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间。

  We will have been married a year on June 25th.

  到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了。

  将来完成时和现在完成时的区分

  关于将来完成时,你给的定义是正确的,即表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。但是给的例句They will have moved to the new house when it has been painted.是错误的。在主句使用将来完成时的时候,时间状语从句的动词必须用一般现在时,而不能用现在完成时。所以是从句里的一般性状态出现的时候,主句里已经如何如何了。例如By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house.现在完成进行时强调现在仍持续中。现在完成时强调已完成,但目前是否持续并不重要。例如I have been working on this topic since last December.现在仍在做,显然还没做完。

  五、英语时态解说

  进行时

  一般

  1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为某种状况。

  2.时间状语:always,usually,often,sometimes,every week (day,year,month),once a week,on Sundays,

  3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)

  4.否定形式:am/is/are not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。

  5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。

  6.例句:. It seldom snows here.

  He is always ready to help others.

  Action speaks louder than words.

  (1)表示经常性的动作或状态

  表示经常性动作或状态时,常与often,always,usually,sometimes,every day等时间状语连用。如:

  The shop opens at nine every day. 这家商店每天九点开门。

  It seldom snows here. 这儿很少下雪。

  (2)表示客观存在或普遍真理

  Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。

  Food easily goes bad in hot weather. 天气热时食物容易坏。

  英语时态(3)表示主语的特征或状态

  The picture looks very beautiful. 这幅画看起来很美。

  Air contains oxygen and nitrogen. 空气含有氧和氮。

  (4在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态

  I'll tell her about it as soon as I see her.

  When does the train arrive? 火车几点到?

  (5) 用于图片说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明

  INSIDE THE SHELTER: Stockton slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart.

  防空洞中:斯道克顿慢慢转过身,面对他的妻子。那群人正在离去,而他们愤怒的尖叫声却还回响在他们的耳边。

  (6) 电视节目直播解说

  It's Carter to serve- he needs just one more point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve!So the championshipgoes to 19-year-old Harry Carter.

  该卡特发球了,他只需再得一分就赢了。他发球了,史密斯接球失误。多漂亮的发球!冠军属于了19岁的哈利-卡特。

  进行

  1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

  2.时间状语:now,at this time,days,etc. look . listen

  3.基本结构:be doing

  4.否定形式:be not doing.

  5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。

  6.例句:How are you feeling today?

  He is doing well in his lessons.

  (1)进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作

  表示现阶段正在进行的动作,通常用表示现阶段的时间状语,如:today,this week,this month,this year,this term,now等。如:

  He is writing a novel now. 他目前正在写一部小说。

  (2)进行时表示经常性的动作

  进行时在表示经常性、重复性或习惯性的动作时必须与only,merely,simply,really,fast,rapidly,steadily,forever,all the time,always,constantly,continually,repeatedly等频度副词连用。如:

  She is always complaining. 她总是在抱怨。

  (3)进行时表示按计划或已安排好要做的事

  这一用法只适用于某些动词,如:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,spend,sail,meet,fly等。如:

  The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火车走。

  (4) 补充说明

  [1] 在不少情况下,表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子,并没有正在这样的字眼,但在译为英语时必须用进行时态。如:

  It's rainingheavily. 下大雨了。

  How is everything going? 事情进展如何?

  [2] 有些动词通常不能用进行时。不能用进行时的动词有:

  表示感觉或感情的词,如:hear,see,smell,taste,feel,seem,notice,hate,love,like,want,wish,refuse,prefer,forgive等。

  表示存在或所属的词,如:exist,stay,remain,obtain,have,own,form,contain等。

  表示认识或理解的词,如:understand,know,remember,forget,believe,think,doubt等。

  完成

  完成时的这种用法通常与由since或for引导的时间状语连用。如:

  The old man have lived here for more than twenty years.

  老人已在此住了20多年了。

  完成时的这种用法有时不带时间状语,有时可以和already,before,ever,just,lately,never,once,recently,yet等一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用。如:

  Have you ever been to Australia? 你去过澳大利亚吗?

  [2] 有时完成时和now,today,this morning,this week,this year等的时间状语连用。如:

  I haven' t seen him today. 我今天没见过他。

  I have seen him only once this year. 我只见过他一次。

  (3)完成时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作

  I'll go to the party as soon as (or when) I have finished my homework.

  我完成作业后就去参加聚会。

  (4)完成时和until now,so far,in the past few years,up to the present等表示从某时到这段时间的状语连用 I have not heard from her so far. 到目前为止,我没有收到过她的信。

  We have learned five hundred words up to the present.

  到目前为止,我们已学了五百个生词。

  但要注意:当意义明确时,适用完成时的句子可以不用时间状语。如:

  He has done a lot of work. 他干了许多工作。

  She has told me about her story. 她跟我讲过她的故事。

  完成进行

  1.概念:表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并可能延续到将来。

  2.基本结构:have/has been doing

  3.时间状语:since 时间点,for 时间段等。

  4.例子:I have been sitting here for an hour.

  The chirdren have been watching TV since six o'clock.

  (1)完成进行时表示从过去一直持续到的动作或刚刚结束的动作

  I've been writing letters all this morning.

  我写了一上午信。(动作不再继续)

  O'Neil is ill. He' s been lying in the bed for three weeks.

  奥尼尔在病中,已卧床3个星期了。(动作会继续下去)

  (2)完成进行时表示从过去到现在的重复性动作

  完成进行时的这种用法所表示的并不是一直在进行的动作,而是断断续续地反复发生的动作。如:

  What have you been doing all this time?

  你一直都在干什么来着?(动作可能继续下去)

  That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years.

  这些年那个记者一直为这家杂志撰稿。(断断续续地反复发生的动作)

  过去时

  一般过去

  1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

  2.时间状语:ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week,last(year,night,month),in 1989,just now,at the age of 5,one day,long long ago,once upon a time,etc.

  3.基本结构:be动词;行为动词的过去式

  4.否定形式:was/were not;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。

  5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。

  6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.

  I didn't know you were so busy.

  (1)一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态

  [1]一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。

  与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:yesterday,last night(week,year,month,Sunday),then,at that time,at that moment,just now,a few days(weeks,months,years) ago等。例句:

  Lucy turned off all the lights before she went out.

  出门前露茜关了所有的灯。

  [2]一般过去时也可以与today,this week(month,year)等时间状语连用,但这些时间状语应指过去。如:

  Did you see him today? 你今天见他了吗?(today指今天已过去的某一时刻)

  [3]一般过去时还可以和for或since引导的时间状语连用。如:

  I stayed there for two months. 我在那里呆了两个月。

  Nothing happened since then. 打那以后什么事都没有发生。

  (2) 有时一般过去时的时间状语或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中

  Who was that? 那人是谁?

  I saw Ker in town. 我在城里看见了克尔。

  (3)一般过去时在时间和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作或状态。

  Hans said he would let us know if he got any news.

  汉斯说要是得到消息就告诉我们。

  过去进行

  1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

  2.时间状语:at this time yesterday,at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

  3.基本结构 s was/were doing

  4.否定形式:s was/were not doing.

  5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写)

  6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.

  When he came in,I was reading a newspaper.

  (1)过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作

  [1]过去进行时通常和时间状语连用。如:

  We were having dinner when they came.

  他们来的时候,我们正在吃饭。

  [2]过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续的动作。如:

  Carlos was staying at home all last week.

  上周整整一周卡洛斯都在家呆着。

  They were building a dam last spring. 去年春天他们一直在修一个水坝。

  [3]过去进行时表示与过去某个动作同时发生的动作。如:

  I was reading while she was writing. 我在读书,她在写字。

  [4] 有时过去进行时用于主句,位于其后的when引导的从句表示意外发生的情况:

  I was walking in the street when it began to rain.

  我正在街上走着,突然下起了雨。

  (2)过去进行时表示过去将来的动作

  过去进行时的这种用法多表示过去的打算,通常仅限于come,go,leave,depart,start等一些表示移动的动词。如:

  He didn't know whether she was coming. 他不知道她是否会来。

  The delegation was departing three days later. 代表团打算三天后动身。

  过去完成

  1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即过去的过去。

  2.时间状语:before,by the end of last year(term,month),etc.

  3.基本结构:had done.

  4.否定形式:had not done.

  5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。

  6.例句:As soon as we got to the station,the train had left.

  By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books

  基本结构:主语 had 过去分词(done)

  ①肯定句:主语 had 过去分词 其他

  ②否定句:主语 had not 过去分词 其他

  ③一般疑问句:Had 主语 过去分词 其他

  ④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 一般疑问句

  (1)过去完成时表示过去某时之前结束的动作或状态

  When he got there,the train had already left.

  他到了那儿时火车已经离开了。

  Ina realized she had made a mistake.

  艾娜意识到她犯了个错误。

  (2)过去完成时与when等从句连用

  had just / barely / hardly / scarcely done...when...,no sooner...than... 是表示刚就或不等就的固定句型。如:

  No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.

  我们刚离开家就开始下雨了。

  I had not gone much farther before I caught them up.

  我没有走多远就赶上他们了。

  (3)过去完成时表示持续到过去某时之前的动作或状态

  We had finished the work by nine o'clock yesterday.

  昨晚九点前我们已完成了工作。

  The company had completed the project by the end of 1999.

  到1999年底公司已完成了那个项目。

  过去完成进行

  过去完成时主要表示持续到过去某时之前的动作。如:

  I had been looking for it for days before I found it.

  这个东西,我找了好多天才找着。

  The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.

  电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。

  He was tired. He'd been working all day.他累了。他工作了一整天。

  After he'd been lecturing for half an hour,Professor Brown had a drink of water.

  布朗教授讲了半小时课之后,他喝了一点水。

  将来时

  一般将来

  1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。

  2.时间状语:tomorrow,next day(week,month,year),soon,in a few minutes,by,the day after tomorrow,etc.

  3.基本结构:主语 am/is/are going to do;will/shall do.

  4.否定形式:am/is/are not going to do ;will/shall not do。

  5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。

  6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.

  It is going to rain.

  (1) 基本用法

  [1]一般将来时常用来表示将来时间的动作或状况。如:

  。

  [2]一般将来时用于真实条件句和时间状语从句的主句中表示将来的情况。如:

  I'll tell you as soon as he comes. 他一来我就告诉你。

  [3] 用于条件状语从句表示愿望或意愿。如:

  If you will wait for me,I shall come back soon.

  如果你愿意等我,我马上就回来。

  [4]一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如:

  The shop won't open until nine. 这家商店九点才会开门。

  Children will be children. 孩子就是孩子。

  (2) be going to 动词原形

  这一结构表示打算或准备好要做的事或有迹象表明要发生的天气变化等情况。如:

  What are you going to do during the summer holiday? 你暑假打算做什么? The train is going to arrive. 火车就要到了。

  (3)现在进行时(be 现在分词)

  有些动词的现在进行时可以表示将要发生的动作,表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。这类动词有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,spend,sail,meet,fly等。如:

  Annie is coming to supper this evening. 安妮今晚要来吃饭。

  (4) be to 动词原形

  这一结构可表示约定、命令或按计划要做的事。如:

  When are they to come? 他们什么时候来?

  We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约好在校门口见。

  (5) be about to 动词原形

  这一结构表示即将做或马上做的意思。如:

  He is about to leave. 他马上就要动身。

  The vacation is about to start. 假期即将开始。

  将来进行

  将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。常表示已安排好之事,给人一种期待感。如:

  What will you be doing this time tomorrow?

  明天这个时候你将做什么?

  The train will be leaving in a second. 火车马上就开。

  将来完成

  (1)将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作,往往对将来某一时间产生影响。如:

  I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.

  我将在本周末前读完这本书。

  Before long,he will have forgotten all about the matter.

  过不久,他很快就会把这件事全然忘记。

  (2)将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态。如:

  By the time he graduates,he will have studied French for four years.

  到他毕业的时候,他学法语就满四年了。

  By the time Pierce comes back from the meeting,we will have waited here for three hours.

  到皮尔斯开会回来的时候,我们已经在这儿等了三个钟头了。

  过去将来

  (1) 过去将来时表示过去某时之后将出现的情况,通常用于宾语从句中。如:

  I thought he would come. 我以为他会来。

  Jenny never imagined that she would become a doctor.

  詹妮从没想到自己会当医生。

  (2) 表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情。如:

  The old lady was fifty-eight then. In two years she would be sixty.

  老太太当时五十八岁,再过两年就六十了。

  I didnt think they would have any objection to it.

  我想他们不会有什么反对意见。

  (3) 表示过去习惯性动作(不管什么人称都用would)。如:

  Whenever he had time,Harris would go to see his grandmother.

  哈里斯一有时间就去看他奶奶。

  Joanna would go for a walk after

  转换

  转换方式

  1、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换

  请看:

  A. He joined the League two years ago.

  B. He has been in the League for two years.

  C. It is two years since he joined the League.

  D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.

  2、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换

  Peter is at work,but Mike is at play.

  Peter is working,but Mike is playing.

  3、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换

  请看:

  The train is leaving soon.

  The train will leave soon.

  转换规则

  英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式:

  一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换

  在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用别的表达方式:①瞬间动词用于一段时间 ago的一般过去时的句型中;②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用;③瞬间动词用于It is 一段时间 since 一般过去时的句型,请看:

  A. He joined the League two years ago.

  B. He has been in the League for two years.

  C. It is two years since he joined the League.

  D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.

  二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换

  在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示处于某种状态,如at work(在工作),at school(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:

  Peter is at work,but Mike is at play.

  Peter is working,but Mike is playing.

  三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换

  在现在进行时态中go,come,leave,start,arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如:I am coming,Mum! 意为我就来,妈妈!请看:

  The train is leaving soon.

  The train will leave soon.

  四、be going to 动词原形与will(shall) 动词原形结构的转换

  be going to 动词原形、表示打算、计划要做的事;将来时will(shall) 动词原形结构在书面语中,当主语为第一人称时,常用助动词shall。在口语中,所有人称都可以用will。请看:

  We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.

  We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.

  六、英语16种时态

  来源:互联网

  英语共有十六种时态,其表现形式如下(以study为例)

  一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时

  现在 study be studying have studied have been studying

  过去 studied be studying had studied had been studying

  将来
will study wil be studying will have studied will have been studying

  过去将来would study would be studying would have studied would have been studying

  时态(Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。

  1. 一般现在时

  英语时态分为16种:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时,以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。

  用法:A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。

  B) 习惯用语。

  C) 经常性、习惯性动作。

  例:He always helps others. (他总是帮助别人。)

  D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般现在时,则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。

  E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,(仅限于某些表示来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续等的动词)可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。

  例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.(下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。)

  How often does this shuttle bus run? (这班车多久一趟?)

  F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来事情。

  例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.

  (等你完成这份报告的时候,我就已经等了将近3个小时了。)

  2. 现在进行时(be doing)

  用法:现在正在进行的动作。

  3. 现在完成时(have done)

  用法:A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。

  例:I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.

  A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell

  答案是C) haven't sold。

  B) 表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或情况,并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点,或for加一段时间,或by加一个现在时间。

  例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.

  A) are to challenge C) have been challenged

  B) may be challenged D) are challenging

  全句的意思是:虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物,但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。challenge是及物动词,在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今天,所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态,不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态,但意思与全句内容不合,所以不对。C) 表示发生在过去,但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。

  例:John has broken his left leg.(约翰摔断了左腿。)

  注意事项:A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于:现在完成时强调动作的动态,或受动态的影响,是动态的结果,对现在有影响;过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作,与现在没有联系。

  例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.

  (他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实,他现在已经不在那家医院了。)

  He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.

  (他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作,一直工作到现在,现在仍在那家医院工作。)

  B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时,有动态和延续性的特点,所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。

  例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(过去分词做表语表示状态,可以延续)

  My sister has married. Don't disturb her.(终端动词)

  C) 在this is the first/ second/ third time that句型里要求用完成时。

  例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。)

  D) 句型It is/ has beensince所使用的两种时态都正确。

  例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.

  (从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。)

  E) 在no sooner than、hardly/ scarcely when、before、prior to等句型中,主句要求完成时。

  例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我从未见过那位教授。)

  4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)

  用法:表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间,延续或重复地出现至今,或将继续延续至将来。

  例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前为止,我们一直在处理那个项目,已经花了一个多月时间了。)

  注意事项:与现在完成时相比,现在完成进行时更强调:在从过去到现在的时间里,动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。

  例:It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.

  A) had leaked B) is leaking

  C) leaked D) has been leaking

  从本题上下文看,这两个句子的意思是:看来,这个管道漏油已有一段时间了,我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前,并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此,空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时,因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time,表示谓语动作延续,谓语不能用现在进行时,必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时,所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。

  5. 一般过去时

  用法:A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。

  B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型,本身表示的 就是过去时。

  例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他的人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。)

  He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。)

  C) 有时可代替一般现在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。

  例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借车用一用,可以吗?)

  Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在这里吗?)

  注意事项:A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。

  B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示过去常常或过去曾经,要求加动词原形;后者表示习惯于,要求加名词或动名词。

  6. 过去完成时(had done)

  用法:表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的:表示过去的过去的动作或状态。

  Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.

  A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard

  B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard

  全句的意思是:到那时为止,他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。由此可以看出,谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成,因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中:A) didn't hear,因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态,所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasn't been hearing,现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作,与题意不符。C) hasn't heard,现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻,不能表示现在时间。

  注意事项:过去的过去这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来,而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。

  例:There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(刚才有人在我们的房间里,因为我们打开前门进来时,我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。)

  分析:虽然时间状语是just now,似乎应该使用一般过去时,但是在房间里这个状态是在开门和注意这两个过去的动作之前就存在的,所以应该用过去完成时。

  10种最需要注意的时态考点归纳

  来源:互联网

  根据试题统计,动词语法占语法考题中的50%左右,其内容主要包括动词的时态、语态、要掌握英语的时态和语态,必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。现将各考点分别归纳如下。

  1. 一般现在时

  主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点;表示经常或习惯性的动作,句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语;表示客观规律和永恒真理等。

  He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every morning.

  She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun.

  Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.

  考点一:表示永恒的真理,即使出现在过去的语境中,仍用一般现在时。如:

  I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.

  考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中,代替一般将来时,常用的引导词有:

  时间:when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment / minute / day / year

  条件:if, unless, provided If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.

  考点三:在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter +宾语从句中,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

  So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment.

  只要他努力工作,我不介意他什么时候做完试验。

  考点四:在the more the more (越越) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。

  The harder you study, the better results you will get.

  2. 现在进行时

  表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动;与频率副词,如always,constantly,continually,again等连用,表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。

  We are having English class. The house is being built these days.

  The little boy is always making trouble.

  考点一:在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。

  Look out when you are crossing the street.

  Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.

  考点二: 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时多有表示将来的时间状语)。

  Marry is leaving on Friday.

  3. 现在完成时

  表示动作发生在过去,完成在过去,但强调与现在情况仍有联系,其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语。

  考点一:for 时间段;since 时间点

  They have lived in Beijing for five years.

  They have lived in Beijing since 1995. I have learned English for ten years.

  考点二:常见的不确定的时间状语:lately, recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days

  Has it stopped raining yet?

  考点三:在表示最近几世纪/年/月以来时间状语中,谓语动词用现在完成时。

  in the past few years/months/weeks/days, over the past few years, during the last three months, for the last few centuries, through centuries, throughout history 等

  In the past 30 years China has made great advances in socialist construction.

  考点四:表示第几次做某事,或在 It is the best (worst, most interesting ) 名词+that 后面用现在完成时。

  This is my first time that I have visited China. That is the only book that he has written.

  This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.

  4.一般过去时

  表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作,或过去习惯性动作,不强调对现在的影响,只说明过去。常与明确的过去时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last week, in 1945, at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when。

  考点一:used to do 表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式符号,后接动词原形。

  比较:be / become / get used to doing 表示习惯于

  He used to smoke a lot. He has got used to getting up early.

  考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中,代替过去将来时。

  He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise

  5. 过去进行时

  表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。

  The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.

  He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.

  What were you doing at nine last night?

  The radio was being repaired when you called me.

  6. 过去完成时

  表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作,即过去完成时的动作发生在过去的过去,句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语,这种时态从来不孤立使用。

  There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.

  By the end of last term we had finished the book.

  They finished earlier than we had expected.

  考点一:用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than句型中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。

  I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.

  I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.

  No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. (注意倒装)

  考点二:表示第几次做某事,主句用过去时,从句用过去完成时。

  That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.

  考点三:动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时,表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。

  I had hoped that I could do the job. I had intended to see you but I was too busy.

  7. 一般将来时

  表示在将来某个时间发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用,其表现形式多达5种。

  考点一:一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中。

  We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.

  (主句用一般将来时,从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。)

  考点二:某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等,用现在进行时形式表示将来。

  I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

  考点三:祈使句 and / or 句子,这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。

  Use your head and you will find a way.

  考点四:be going to 动词原形,表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。

  be about to 动词原形表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。

  be to 动词原形表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。

  They are to be married in May.

  8. 将来进行时

  表示将来某个时间正在发生的动作,或按计划一定会发生的事情。

  Ill be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。

  The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.

  9. 将来完成时

  表示在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情,时间状语非常明显。

  考点一:常用的时间状语一般用by 将来时间 ,如:by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time, before或when等引导的从句。

  By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.

  By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.

  By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

  考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中,将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。

  The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.

  10. 动词的语态

  一般用于强调受者,做题时谓语动词后通常不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考,而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考,需要注意以下考点。

  考点一:不能用于被动语态的动词和词组

  come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed

  It took place before liberation.

  考点二:下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用:lock, wash, sell, read, wear, blame, ride , write

  Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。 The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。

  The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。 The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。

  考点三:一些常用经典被动句型

  It is said, It is reported, It is widely believed,It is expected, It is estimated,

  这些句子一般翻译为据说,人们认为,而以前人们认为则应该说:It was believed, It was thought。

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